First and the Last
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CHRISTIAN MONOTHEISM
Hear, O Israel: the LORD our God is one
LORD” (Deuteronomy 6:4). “God is one” (Galatians 3:20).
Hear, O Israel: the LORD our God is one
LORD” (Deuteronomy 6:4). “God is one” (Galatians 3:20).
The belief in one God, a singular Divine presence, is a cornerstone of our faith, beautifully affirmed in both the Old and New Testaments. This simple yet profound truth is clearly laid out in Scripture, yet it remains misunderstood by many devout believers and scholars alike within the Christian community. As stewards of His Word, it is our heartfelt mission to illuminate this fundamental doctrine—the oneness of God—ensuring it is both understood and cherished by all. We are called to lovingly guide our congregation in embracing this central aspect of our faith, so that it may enrich their spiritual lives and bring them closer to God.
Monotheism Defined
Monotheism, derived from the Greek words monos, meaning "alone" or "single," and theos, meaning "God," is the belief in one singular, divine presence. Those who find themselves not in agreement with monotheism might identify with several other spiritual perspectives: atheists, who deny the existence of any deity; agnostics, who maintain that the nature of the Divine is unknown and likely beyond human comprehension; pantheists, who see the Divine in the natural world and the cosmos; and polytheists, who venerate multiple deities. Within the realm of polytheism, there are variations such as ditheism, which reveres two gods, and tritheism, which honors three deities. Of the world's great religious traditions, Judaism, Islam, and Christianity hold to the tenet of monotheism, each in their own unique expression of devotion to one God.
Among those who identify as Christians, a rich variety of beliefs about the divine nature of God exists. One such belief is known as Trinitarianism. This perspective holds that the Godhead comprises three distinct persons: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit, who are united in one essence. This unity forms a single God.
In exploring the beliefs held by trinitarians, we see a spectrum of understanding that merits gentle reflection. On one side, there are those who focus deeply on the unity of God, yet may not fully articulate the distinctiveness of the three persons within the Godhead. On the opposite side, some believers emphasize the distinctiveness of these three persons to such an extent that they view them as three separate, self-aware beings, which may lean toward a tritheistic interpretation. As we seek clarity in our faith, it's important to approach these differences with grace and a desire for deeper understanding.
In our exploration of Christian doctrines, we also encounter the teaching of binitarianism. Unlike trinitarianism, which acknowledges the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as three distinct persons, binitarianism embraces a profound belief in just two persons within the Godhead. This perspective respectfully sets aside the Holy Spirit as a separate entity, focusing instead on the deep relationship between the Father and the Son.
Many believers who uphold monotheism have shared their perspective that both trinitarianism and binitarianism may not align fully with the pure monotheistic teachings of the Bible. They emphasize the undivided nature of the Godhead, affirming that God is singularly one in essence and existence.
Adherents of strict monotheism are generally divided into two groups. The first group affirms the belief in a single God, yet in doing so, they question or diminish the complete divinity of Jesus Christ. Historically, this perspective was illustrated by the dynamic Monarchians like Paul of Samosata, as well as the Arians under Arius. These communities positioned Jesus as a divine figure, yet one who was created and thus subordinate, essentially a lesser or demigod.
The second category of monotheists holds a profound belief in one God, yet they embrace the revelation that the entirety of the Godhead is expressed through Jesus Christ. These believers affirm that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are not separate entities but rather manifestations or roles through which the one true God engages with humanity. This theological perspective, historically identified by church scholars as modalism or modalistic monarchianism, traces its roots to early church figures like Noetus, Praxeas, and Sabellius.
In contemporary dialogue, adherents of this doctrine often describe their faith using the term “Oneness,” emphasizing the indivisible unity of God alongside the complete divinity of Jesus Christ. They also identify themselves with phrases such as “One God” and “Jesus Name.” It is worth noting, however, that some may refer to them by terms like “Jesus Only” or “New Issue,” which can be misleading or seen as derogatory. The label “Jesus Only,” for instance, might suggest to trinitarians a rejection of the Father and Holy Spirit. Nevertheless, those within the Oneness movement do not deny these aspects of God; instead, they view the Father and Spirit as distinct roles or manifestations of the single divine essence.