And at the time it was written, wouldn't that have been Roman Paganism?
Rome was a problem at the time but there are many reasons why Rome doesn't apply to any of this. In Revelation 17 where Babylon the Great is mentioned, John is taken out into the desert to view the harlot's judgment. Mecca and Medina reside in the deserts of Saudi Arabia.
People try to say Rome is the city of seven hills but that's incorrect. Rome is NOT a city of 7 hills.
Revelation 17:9 And here is the mind which hath wisdom. The seven heads are seven mountains, on which the woman sitteth.
Some translations use the word HILL. The text is the word 'oros' which is better translated 'mountain' NOT HILL. Rome does not sit on seven mountains! It doesn't even sit on seven hills! There are seven hills on the East side of the Tiber River. 'Vatican Hill' sits on the west side of the Tiber. THAT MAKES 8 HILLS TOTAL! AND! The word 'hills' is an incorrect translation. The 7 hills on the east side of the Tiber, are too small to be designated as 'mountains'. Strong's specifically states that a hill is lower than a mountain. Rome's seven hills are so small, typically between 200 to 500 feet, and appear as 'little nubs' when viewed from a distance.
The city of seven mountains is Jerusalem.
Here is a list of nations mentioned in Prophecy. Rome is absent.
List compiled by Walid Shoebat
Summary of nations addressed in end-times:
Psalm 83 - includes all, Syria and Iraq "Assyria", Jordan "Edom, Moab, Ammon", Arabia "Ishmaelites, Hagarites", Lebanon "People of Tyre" since Tyre was destroyed (Ezekiel 26). This was partly fulfilled in the Arab Israeli wars since these armies are a "confederacy" (v. 5), "consult together with one voice" (v. 3). All these are Muslim.
Ezekiel 30 - the nations of North Africa, including Egypt and Sudan in the time of the "Day of the Lord" - a clear reference to the end time destruction of Islamic nations.
Amos 1 - Syria (vs. 1-5), Gaza (v. 6), Lebanon (v. 9), Jordan "Teman" (v. 11), Iraq "Bozrah", Amman Jordan "Rabbah" (v. 14), "Gaza" (v. 6).
Amos 2 - Jordan "Moab"
Joel 3 - This is Armageddon (v. 2) which includes Egypt and Jordan (v. 19), Lebanon (v. 4). Why does Armageddon have Muslim nations by name?
Jeremiah 6 - Jeremiah speaks of Sheba (probably the area of modern Yemen.
Jeremiah 9 - Egypt, Edom, and Ammon
Jeremiah 25 - Moab
Jeremiah 48 - Moab and others.
Jeremiah 49-51 - The destruction of Babylonia, today's Arab world - Jordan, Syria "Damascus", Iraq "Bozrah", Saudi Arabia "Kedar", this includes past as well as a future outlook in end-times. Iran "Elam" (49 v. 37).
Obadiah 1 - "For the day of the LORD [is] near upon all the heathen" "Esau" "Edom" "Teman" - Jordan and the Arabs.
Ezekiel 25 - Jordan "Moab", Saudi Arabia "Teman, Dedan (v. 13)".
Ezekiel 27 - Lebanon "Tyre, Zidon, Gebal" (v. 9), Iran "Persia" and he adds Libya "Lud", and Phut (North Africa). This takes in middle Asia and North Africa (chapter 27:10,21), just as Ezekiel predicted in chapter 38.
Ezekiel 30 - The fall of the nations of North Africa, including Egypt, in the time of the "Day of the Lord" - a clear reference to the end time.
Ezekiel 35:12-15 (Edom, Jordan)
Daniel 11 - Egypt (verse 40)
Habbakuk 3 - "Teman" and "Paran" "Midian" are Saudi Arabia (center of Islam), and "Cushan" is Sudan (Cush). "God came from Teman, and the Holy One from mount Paran. Selah. His glory covered the heavens, and the earth was full of his praise." This is definitely Messianic pertaining to the second coming.
3:3-7, 12-16 ["He beheld, and drove asunder the nations [Midian]; and the everlasting hills [nations] did bow" (v. 6), "Thou didst thresh the heathen in anger" (v. 12)
Isaiah 11:14 - Jordan "Edom, Moab"
Isaiah 13 - "Behold, the day of the LORD cometh" (v. 9), For the stars of heaven and the constellations thereof shall not give their light" (v. 10), is end-times and includes Babylon (Iraq, Arabia, all Muslim).
Isaiah 14:24-27 - ("I will break the Assyrian [Iraq] in My land, and tread him underfoot"). Here Satan (Lucifer) is addressed as a man "They that see thee shall narrowly look upon thee, [and] consider thee, [saying, Is] this the man that made the earth to tremble, that did shake kingdoms" (Isaiah 14:16)
Isaiah 14:28-32 - (Philistia, Gaza) Muslim
Isaiah 15-16 - (Moab/Jordan) Muslim
Isaiah 17 - (Damascus, Syria) Muslim
Isaiah 18 - (Punishment of Sudan), 18:6 matches the birds feeding on the dead in Ezekiel 38/39 after the Sudanese (Cush Ezekiel 38:5).
Isaiah 19 - "Egypt will fear Judah" (v17), then Egypt will be healed.
Isaiah 21 - against Arabia (Kedar, Tema, and Dumah) The curses on Arabia "burden of the desert of the sea" (v. 1). Dumah is in Saudi Arabia near Yathrib in verse 11, today called "Dumat el-Jandal", also Kedar in verse 17. These prophecies find both historical and future fulfillment as well. "The glory of Kedar shall fail" (11-17). What other then Mecca and Islam could the "glory of Kedar" be?
Isaiah 31 - "shall the LORD of hosts come down to fight for mount Zion, and for the hill thereof" is the end when Messiah fights "The Assyrian", "The Egyptians".
Isaiah 34:2-8 - (Edom, Jordan) note "it is the day of the Lord's vengeance, and the year of recompenses for the controversy of Zion" (v. 8).
Isaiah 63:1-6 - ("Who is this who comes from Edom (Jordan), with dyed [blood-stained] garments from Bozrah (Iraq)." This is definitely second coming of Messiah and these nations are Muslim.
Zechariah 9:1,2 - (Syria, Lebanon) Muslim, Lebanon is the heart of Hezbullah.
Zechariah 9:5 - (Gaza) Gaza is a Muslim city and the heart of Hammas.
Zechariah 10 - Syria, Iraq and Egypt's armies destroyed in Lebanon (v. 10)
Zechariah 12:2 - "I will make Jerusalem and Judah like an intoxicating drink to all the nearby nations that send their armies to besiege Jerusalem". All the nations "round about" (RSV) or "near by nations" (NTL) "peoples around" (NASB), "surrounding peoples" (NKJV) Israel are all Muslim, regardless of which translation of the text one uses. Some say that the entire world's nations are around Israel for the use of the term "round about" only pertains to the fact that they surround the borders. Yet the verse is clearer when we see the usage in the continuation of the verse "that send their armies to besiege Jerusalem". So this understanding is flawed since it doesn't make sense that "surrounding armies" send "armies" to surround Jerusalem. The correct rendering of the verse then must be that these nations are nearby (round about) and send there armies to lay siege on Jerusalem. The Old Testament references to the nations "round about" are widespread, with over 50 references to these entities between Deuteronomy 6:14 and Zechariah 14:4. In passages where these are identified by name (e.g., Psalm 83), they are Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, the "Palestinians" of Gaza, the Bedouin PLO within Israel, Jordan (Moab/Edom/Ammon[the ancient name which Amman the capital of Jordan is derived from]) and Saudi Arabia.
Micah 5:1-6 - agrees with Isaiah 14 (Satan, Anti-Christ) in which the destruction of "the Assyrian" upon Israel's mountains is foretold, and that "(Israel) shall waste the land of Assyria with the sword" (v. 6).
The whole of Scripture regarding end-times with minor and major prophets speak on none else than the Islamic world.
Apart from the all the details that are given regarding these countries individually and about their relationship today, many of which have been discussed in this article, these two observations alone are amazing:
Besides the huge geographical distances between them, at the time these prophecies were given (some 500 years before Christ), all these nations mentioned had many different religions and many of them no political connection. Only over a thousand years later they all became Muslim (religiously) and were unified politically in the Islamic Empire.
That Biblical prophecy, more than two-thousand years ago, binds together exactly the Muslim nations and not the non-Muslim countries neighboring to them, should give everyone -- including Muslims -- every reason to take biblical prophecy very seriously.